RESUMO Contexto: A capnografia e a insuflação de gás carbônico (CO2) durante endoscopia digestiva sob sedação são associados à maior segurança e conforto do paciente, respectivamente. A capnografia pode detectar precocemente a apneia e hipoxemia, enquanto a insuflação de CO2 causa menor desconforto periprocedimento. Relatos da aplicação da capnografia volumétrica em colonoscopias são escassos. Objetivo: Avaliar o uso de capnograifa volumétrica durante colonoscopia diagnóstica com insuflação de ar comprimido e CO2. Métodos: Em estudo prospectivo de coorte, foram incluídos um total de 101 pacientes submetidos a colonoscopia diagnóstica sob sedação com monitoração respiratória por meio de capnografia volumétrica. Insuflação com ar comprimido foi usado para distender o lúmen intestinal no Grupo 1 (n=51), enquanto o Grupo 2 (n=50) utilizou CO2 para insuflação. Objetivos primários foram avaliar episódios de hipóxia, hipoventilação alveolar e CO2 expirado (EtCO2). Objetivos secundários foram avaliar o volume alveolar por minuto, consumo de sedativos e a dor pós-colonoscopia por meio da Escala de Dor Modificada de Gloucester. Resultados: O número de episódios de hipóxia (SpO2 <90%) foi semelhante entre os grupos: quatro episódios no Grupo 1 e dois episódios no Grupo 2. A duração da hipóxia foi significativamente maior no Grupo 2 (P=0,02). A hipoventilação alveolar (EtCO2 ≥25% do valor basal) ocorreu mais frequentemente no Grupo 2 quando comparado ao Grupo 1 (27 vs 18 episódios, P=0,05). Em relação ao EtCO2, o Grupo 2 apresentou valores maiores no momento de aferição cecal (28.94±4.68 vs 26.65±6.12 mmHg, P=0,04). Quanto ao volume alveolar por minuto, o Grupo 2 apresentou valores significativamente menores no momento de aferição cecal quando comparado ao Grupo 1 (2027.53±2818.89 vs 970.88±1840.25 L/min, P=0,009). Não houve ocorrência de hipercapnia durante o estudo (EtCO2 >60 mmHg). Não houve diferença em relação ao consumo de sedativos entre os dois grupos. Imediatamente após a colonoscopia, o Grupo 2 apresentou significativamente menos dor que o Grupo 1 (P=0,05). Conclusão: Em nosso estudo, a capnografia volumétrica durante colonoscopia foi factível e eficaz para monitorar parâmetros ventilatórios e detectar complicações respiratórias, e a insuflação com CO2 foi segura e associada a menor dor imediatamente pós-colonoscopia.

ABSTRACT Background: Capnography and carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation during gastrointestinal endoscopy under sedation are associated with safety and comfort improvements, respectively. Capnography can provide early detection of apnea and hypoxemia, whereas CO2 insufflation causes lower periprocedural discomfort. This is the first study to report the application of volumetric capnography in colonoscopy. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the use of volumetric capnography with room air (RA) and CO2 insufflation during routine colonoscopy. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 101 patients who underwent routine colonoscopy under sedation with volumetric capnography monitoring were included. Insufflation with RA was used to distend the intestinal lumen in group 1 (n=51), while group 2 (n=50) used CO2 insufflation. The primary endpoints were episodes of hypoxia, alveolar hypoventilation, and end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2). The secondary endpoints were tidal volume per minute, consumption of sedation medications, and post-procedure pain using the Gloucester modified pain scale. Results: The number of episodes of hypoxia (SpO2<90%) was similar between the groups: four episodes in Group 1 and two episodes in Group 2. The duration of hypoxia was significantly longer in group 2 (P=0.02). Hypoalveolar ventilation (EtCO2) occurred more frequently in Group 2 than in Group 1 (27 vs 18 episodes, P=0.05). Regarding EtCO2, Group 2 showed higher values in cecal evaluation (28.94±4.68 mmHg vs 26.65±6.12 mmHg, P=0.04). Regarding tidal volume per minute, Group 2 had significantly lower values at the cecal interval compared to Group 1 (2027.53±2818.89 vs 970.88±1840.25 L/min, P=0.009). No episodes of hypercapnia (EtCO2 > 60 mmHg) occurred during the study. There was no difference in the consumption of sedation medications between the groups. Immediately after colonoscopy, Group 2 reported significantly less pain than Group 1 (P=0.05). Conclusion: In our study, volumetric capnography during colonoscopy was feasible and effective for monitoring ventilatory parameters and detecting respiratory complications. CO2 insufflation was safe and associated with less pain immediately after colonoscopy.

RESUMO Introdução: O desenvolvimento de hérnias internas pelo defeito mesocólico após a realização de colectomia laparoscópica é uma complicação rara com apenas 39 casos descritos. Existem controvérsias se fechamento do defeito após a ressecção do cólon preveniria o desenvolvimento desta complicação. Objetivo: Descrever um caso de obstrução intestinal por hérnia interna pelo defeito mesocólico, após retossigmoidectomia laparoscópica e revisar a literatura relacionada ao tema. Relato do caso: Mulher, 59 anos foi internada para realizar ressecção cirúrgica de adenocarcinoma localizado na junção retossigmoideana. Foi submetida à retossigmoidectomia laparoscópica, com confecção de anastomose mecânica extracorpórea. O defeito mesocólico não foi corrigido no final do procedimento. No quinto dia de pós-operatório, a doente apresentou quadro de obstrução intestinal cuja tomografia computadorizada identificou presença de hérnia interna pelo defeito do mesocólon. Na laparotomia exploradora identificou-se que aproximadamente 120 cm de alças jejunais estavam herniadas através do defeito mesocólico. Realizou-se a redução do intestino delgado herniado sem necessidade de ressecção intestinal. O defeito foi corrigido por sutura contínua. Após a reoperação a doente apresentou evolução favorável recebendo alta no quinto dia. Conclusão: Obstrução intestinal após retossigmoidectomia laparoscópica consequente à formação de hérnia interna é complicação pós-operatória rara, com alta mortalidade, que pode ser evitada pelo fechamento criterioso do defeito do mesocólico.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The development of internal hernias due to the mesocolon defect after laparoscopic colectomy is a rare complication with only 39 cases described. There are controversies whether the closure of the defect of the mesocolon after resection of the colon could prevent the development of this complication. Objective: To describe a case of intestinal obstruction due to internal hernia through the mesocolon defect after laparoscopic rectosigmoidectomy and to perform a literature review. Case report: A 59-year-old woman was hospitalized for laparoscopic rectosigmoidectomy due to an adenocarcinoma located in the rectosigmoid junction. She underwent a rectosigmoidectomy by laparoscopy, with an extracorporeal mechanical anastomosis, without closure of the mesocolon defect. In the fifth postoperative day the patient presented an intestinal obstruction due to an internal hernia through the mesocolon defect confirmed by computerized tomography. During the exploratory laparotomy approximately 120 cm jejunum was identified through the mesocolon defect. The reduction of herniated small bowel was done without the need of intestinal resection. The mesocolon defect was corrected by continuous suture. After the reoperation, the patient presented a favorable recovery being discharged on the fifth day. Conclusion: Intestinal obstruction due to internal hernia after laparoscopic rectosigmoidectomy is a rare postoperative complication that can be avoided by the adequate closure of the mesocolon defect.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the quantitative serum level of infliximab (IFX) as well as the detection of anti-infliximab antibodies (ATIs) in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). METHOD: Forty patients with CD under treatment at a tertiary center in southeastern Brazil were evaluated. Their use of infliximab was continuous and regular. We analyzed and compared the differences in the IFX and ATI levels between the patients with active CD (CDA) and those with CD in remission (CDR). RESULTS: There was no difference in the IFX level between the CDA and CDR groups (p>0.05). Eighty percent of all patients had IFX levels above the therapeutic concentration (6-10 μg/mL). Two (9%) of the 22 patients with active disease and four (22.2%) of the 18 patients in remission had undetectable levels of IFX. Four (66.6%) of the six patients with undetectable levels of IFX had positive ATI levels; three of these patients were in remission, and one had active disease. In addition, the other two patients with undetectable levels of IFX presented ATI levels close to positivity (2.7 and 2.8 AU/ml). None of the patients with therapeutic or supratherapeutic IFX levels had positive ATI levels. CONCLUSIONS: The undetectable levels of IFX correlated with the detection of ATIs, which was independent of disease activity. Immunogenicity was not the main factor for the loss of response to IFX in our study, and the majority of patients in both groups (CDA and CDR) had supratherapeutic levels of IFX.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Sabe-se que a obesidade associa-se a um estado de inflamação crônica, mas faltam estudos que avaliem o conteúdo de gordura visceral em indivíduos com doença de Crohn. OBJETIVO: Comparar o estado nutricional, a composição corporal e a proporção de gordura visceral entre indivíduos com doença de Crohn (DC) e controles saudáveis (CS). MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com doença de Crohn e controles saudáveis. O estado nutricional foi estratificado de acordo com o índice de massa corpórea (IMC). O percentual de gordura corporal (%GC) e a mensuração da gordura visceral foram avaliados por DEXA. A proporção de gordura visceral (GV) foi avaliada pelas relações entre GV/IMC e GV/%GC. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 78 indivíduos no estudo. O grupo CS foi constituído por 28 indivíduos saudáveis, com idade média de 35,39±10 anos; 60,7% mulheres; IMC=23,94±3,34 kg/m2; %GC=32,7±7,89; GV=511,82±448,68 g e PCR=0,81±1,78 ng/mL. O grupo DC foi composto por 50 indivíduos, destes, 11 (22%) desnutridos (IMC=18,20±1,97 kg/m2; %GC 24,46±10,01; GV=217,18±218,95 g; PCR=4,12±4,84 ng/mL); 18 (36%) eutróficos (IMC=22,43±1,48 kg/m2; %GC=30,92±6,63; GV=542,00±425,47 g e PCR=4,40±1,78 ng/mL); 21 (42%); sobrepeso/obesidade (IMC=29,48±3,78 kg/m2; %GC=39,91±7,33; GV=1525,23±672,76 g e PCR=1,33±2,06 ng/mL). A relação GV/IMC foi maior no grupo DC quando comparado aos do grupo CS (32,41±24,63 vs 20,01±16,23 gramas por ponto do IMC; P=0,02), assim como a relação GV/%GC que também foi maior no grupo DC (23,33±33,33 vs 12,55±2,37 gramas por ponto percentual; P<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Entre os indivíduos com doença de Crohn, o IMC apresentou correlação direta com o conteúdo de gordura visceral. Esses resultados sinalizam a ocorrência de adiposopatia nos pacientes com doença de Crohn, com maior volume de tecido adiposo visceral.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: It is known that obesity is associated with a chronic inflammatory state, but few studies have evaluated visceral fat (VF) content and its role in individuals with Crohn’s disease (CD). OBJETIVE: To compare the nutritional status, body composition and proportion of VF between CD individuals and healthy volunteers. METHODS: Cross-sectional study that enrolled individuals with Crohn’s disease and healthy controls. The stratification according to nutritional status was carried out by means of BMI. The percentage of body fat percentage (%BF) and VF were estimated by means of DEXA. VF proportion was evaluated by means of the VF/BMI and VF/%BF ratios. RESULTS: A total of 78 individuals were included. The control group was comprised of 28 healthy subjects aged 35.39±10 years old (60.7% women); mean BMI=23.94±3.34 kg/m2; mean VF=511.82±448.68 g; mean CRP=0.81±1.78 ng/mL. The CD group was comprised of 50 patients; 11 (22%) were underweight (BMI=18.20±1.97 kg/ m2; %BF=24.46±10.01; VF=217.18±218.95 g; CRP=4.12±4.84 ng/mL); 18 (36%) presented normal weight (BMI=22.43±1.48 kg/m2; %BF=30.92±6.63; VF=542.00±425.47 g and CRP=4.40±1.78 ng/mL); 21 (42%) were overweight or obese (BMI=29.48±3.78 kg/m2; %BF=39.91±7.33; VF=1525.23±672.7 g and CRP=1.33±2.06 ng/mL). The VF/BMI ratio was higher in the CD group when compared to controls (32.41±24.63 vs 20.01±16.23 g per BMI point; P=0.02). Likewise, the VF/%BF was also higher in the CD group (35.21±23.33 vs 15.60±12.55 g per percentage point; P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Among individuals with Crohn’s disease, BMI presents a direct correlation with visceral fat content. These results indicate the presence of an adiposopathy in Crohn’s disease subjects, which is evidenced by a higher visceral fat.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of peritoneal lavage with bupivacaine on survival and initial resistance of anastomosis on distal colon, performed under peritonitis or not. METHODS: Forty rats, weighing from 300 to 350g (321.29±11.31g), were randomly divided in four groups and underwent laparotomy and anastomosis on the distal colon six hours after induction of peritonitis by intraperitoneal injection of autologous fecal material or not. Group 1: No peritonitis and lavage with 3ml NS; Group 2: No peritonitis and lavage with 8 mg.kg-1 (± 0.5 mL) of 0.5% bupivacaine added to 2.5 mL of NS; Group 3: Peritonitis and lavage with 3ml NS; Group 4: Peritonitis and lavage with 8 mg.kg-1 (± 0.5 mL) of 0.5% bupivacaine added to 2.5 mL of NS. Necropsies were performed on the animals that died and the time of death was recorded. Surviving animals were submitted to euthanasia on the fifth post-operative day and Total Energy of Rupture biomechanical test (TER) was applied. RESULTS: Group 4 showed survival increase compared to Group 3, without statistical significance. Group 3 presented the smallest average TER, with statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Peritonitis increased mortality and influenced negatively the resistance of colic anastomosis in rats. Peritoneal lavage with bupivacaine increased anastomotic resistance.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade de vida em portadores de RI por RCUI. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Foi empregado IBDQ, validado em português na avaliação da QoL em portadores de RI. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 31 pacientes submetidos a RI pelo mesmo grupo. QoL foi classificada como regular em todos os domínios avaliados (sintomas intestinais e sistêmicos e aspectos emocionais e sociais). Não houve diferenças em relação ao sexo, tipo de reservatório ou tempo de pós-operatório. Entretanto, pacientes idosos apresentaram uma tendência a escores mais baixos. Atividade profissional relacionou-se com escores mais altos em sintomas sistêmicos e aspectos sociais (p < 0,05). Portadores de ileostomia apresentaram valores mais baixos nos domínios sintomas sistêmicos, aspectos emocionais e sociais (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Em todos os domínios avaliados, portadores de RI por RCUI apresentaram QoL classificada como regular. Ileostomia e inatividade profissional influenciaram negativamente a QoL.

INTRODUCTION: proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the standard surgical procedure for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) and is associated with the prospect of cure. Experience gained over the years has demonstrated the occurrence of a high number of complications as well as bowel disorders that can compromise quality of life (QoL). OBJECTIVE: evaluate QoL in patients with IPAA for ulcerative colitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ) was used to assess QoL in patients with IPAA after its validation in Portuguese. RESULTS: thirty-one patients submitted to IPAA by the same group of professionals were evaluated. QoL was classified as regular in all domains evaluated (intestinal and systemic symptoms and emotional and social aspects). There were no differences in relation to gender, type of pouch or postoperative time. However, elderly patients showed a tendency toward lower scores. Having a professional activity was associated with higher scores in systemic symptoms and social aspects (p < 0.05). Patients with ileostomy showed lower values in the domains of systemic symptoms, emotional and social aspects (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: in all domains assessed, patients with IPAA for UC had QoL classified as regular. Ileostomy and lack of professional activity negatively influenced QoL.

OBJETIVO: comparar os resultados neonatais dos partos vaginais espontâneos ou assistidos com fórcipe de Simpson-Braun em nulíparas. MÉTODO: em estudo de corte retrospectivo foram avaliados dois grupos de primíparas atendidas no Centro Obstétrico do CAISM/UNICAMP, que tiveram parto vaginal sob analgesia epidural. O grupo fórcipe foi formado por 119 pacientes que tiveram parto a fórcipe de Simpson-Braun, e o grupo normal por 114 casos de parto vaginal espontâneo. Foram estudadas as variáveis neonatais imediatas como o estado do líquido amniótico e os índices de Apgar, assim como a evolução neonatal nos primeiros dias de vida. Para análise estatística foram utilizados os testes c², exato de Fisher e t de Student para comparação de médias e considerada significativa a diferença correspondente a p<0,05. RESULTADOS: as indicações para uso do fórcipe Simpson-Braun foram: alívio materno-fetal (90 casos) e abreviação de período expulsivo (29 casos). Nas pacientes atendidas com fórcipe Simpson-Braun houve 8 casos de laceração de canal de parto (6,7%), valor semelhante ao observado no grupo de parto vaginal espontâneo. As médias de dias de internação das puérperas e neonatos foram idênticas (2,4). Os dois grupos foram semelhantes quanto aos índices de Apgar menores que 7 no primeiro (7,5 e 4,3%) e quinto minuto (1,6 e 1,7%) e quanto ao peso dos recém-nascidos (3.146 e 3.016 g). A evolução neonatal foi semelhante nos dois grupos. CONCLUSÃO: o uso do fórcipe de Simpson-Braun mostrou-se seguro, quando comparado ao parto vaginal espontâneo.

PURPOSE: to compare maternal and neonatal outcomes between spontaneous vaginal and Simpson-Braun forceps deliveries in nulliparous women. METHOD: a retrospective study including two groups of nulliparous women, who had vaginal delivery under peridural anesthesia in the obstetric unit of the CAISM-UNICAMP: the forceps group included 119 women who had Simpson-Braun forceps delivery, and the normal group included 114 women who delivered spontaneously. Neonatal outcomes, such as Apgar score and the evolution in the first days of life, were studied. Data were compared in both groups and, for statistical analysis, c² test, Fisher exact, and Student t tests were used. The differences were considered significant when p<0.05. RESULTS: the indications for Simpson-Braun forceps delivery were maternal-fetal relief (90 cases) and abbreviation of the expulsive period (29 cases). In the forceps group there were 8 cases (6.7%) of vaginal injuries; a similar result was observed in the normal group. The number of hospitalization days for the parturient and the newborns was identical, 2.4 days. The newborns in the two groups had similar Apgar scores inferior to 7 at the first minute (7.5 vs 4.3%) and at the fifth minute (1.6 vs1.7%). The weight in the two groups had similar results (3,146 and 3,016 g). The first days of life did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: the use of Simpson-Braun forceps was safe, when compared to spontaneous vaginal delivery.